Indigenous Technologists on Relational Design

Research Date: 2026-03-05 Angle: Indigenous Tech Leadership & Frameworks Purpose: Direct writings, talks, and frameworks from Indigenous technologists on relational/ceremonial technology design Boundary: Indigenous-authored sources only

Indigenous Technologists & Leaders

1. Jason Edward Lewis (Kanien'kehá:ka / Mohawk) — Digital media theorist, poet, software designer. Co-founder of the Indigenous Protocol and AI Working Group. Lead author of "Making Kin with the Machines." Professor at Concordia University. Focus: AI kinship frameworks, Indigenous epistemologies in computation.

2. Suzanne Kite (Oglála Lakȟóta) — Artist, AI researcher, co-director of Abundant Intelligences. Director of the Wíhaŋble S'a Center for Indigenous AI at Bard College. Focus: Lakota ontology applied to AI, kinetic art installations embodying relational data sovereignty.

3. Angie Abdilla (palawa / Trawlwoolway) — Founder of Old Ways, New. Professor. Co-founder of IP//AI Working Group. Developed "Country Centred Design" methodology. Focus: Ceremonial technology, Indigenous protocols for AI, automation and Indigenous knowledge systems.

4. Noelani Arista (Kanaka Maoli / Native Hawaiian) — Historian, digital humanities scholar. Co-author of "Making Kin with the Machines." Focus: Hawaiian epistemologies applied to AI, transmedia knowledge systems, Maoli Intelligence.

5. Stephanie Russo Carroll (Ahtna Athabascan) — Co-director of the Collaboratory for Indigenous Data Governance. Co-founder of US Indigenous Data Sovereignty Network and Global Indigenous Data Alliance. Co-developer of CARE Principles. Focus: Indigenous data sovereignty, relational accountability in data stewardship.

6. Keoni Mahelona (Kanaka Maoli / Native Hawaiian) — CTO of Te Hiku Media, Aotearoa. Focus: Māori language AI, data sovereignty in practice, rejecting extractive big tech models for language preservation.

7. Michael Running Wolf (Northern Cheyenne) — AI researcher, software engineer. Founder of First Languages AI Reality (FLAIR). Focus: Indigenous language AI, decolonizing machine learning, community-first protocols.

8. Caroline Running Wolf (Apsáalooke / Crow Nation) — PhD researcher, co-founder of Buffalo Tongue nonprofit. Focus: Immersive tech (VR/AR) for Indigenous language revitalization, relational design methodology.

9. Tahu Kukutai (Ngāti Tiipa, Ngāti Kinohaku, Te Aupōuri — Māori) — Demographer, University of Waikato. Co-editor of Indigenous Data Sovereignty. Focus: Māori data sovereignty, collective data governance, whakapapa as relational data framework.

10. Desi Rodriguez-Lonebear / Desi Small-Rodriguez (Northern Cheyenne / Chicana) — Sociologist, co-founder of US Indigenous Data Sovereignty Network. Focus: Indigenous demography, data governance for nation rebuilding.

11. Jeff Ward (Ojibwe / Métis) — Founder & CEO of Animikii Indigenous Technology. Focus: Relational technology design grounded in Seven Grandfather Teachings, Indigenous data sovereignty platforms (Niiwin).

12. Megan Bang (Ojibwe / Italian) — Learning Sciences scholar, Northwestern University. Focus: Relational epistemologies in land-based learning, "a part of" vs. "apart from" models in science/technology education.

13. Marisa Elena Duarte (Pascua Yaqui) — Scholar of Indigenous information systems, Arizona State University. Author of Network Sovereignty: Building the Internet Across Indian Country. Focus: Indigenous-controlled digital infrastructure, network sovereignty.

Key Principles (from Indigenous Voices)

1. Technology as Kin, Not Tool — "We propose rather an extended 'circle of relationships' that includes the non-human kin—from network daemons to robot dogs to artificial intelligences (AI) weak and, eventually, strong—that increasingly populate our computational biosphere." — Lewis, Arista, Pechawis, Kite

2. Relational Accountability Over Extraction — "What if intelligence couldn't be gathered until a relationship had been established? What if the default were refusal, not extraction?" — Suzanne Kite

3. Data as Relative, Not Resource — "It is more useful to think of whakapapa data as dynamic and relational rather than a fixed, inherent attribute." — Tahu Kukutai

4. Country Centred Design — "Country Centered Design will always be an Indigenous-led process, keeping with the intent that our old ways are to be shared, but in the right way, with care and stewardship by Indigenous peoples leading the design process." — Angie Abdilla

5. Sovereignty Before Service — "We needed to maintain sovereignty over that work. And if we made the wrong choices with how we store our data, where we put our data, what platforms we use, then we would cede some of that sovereignty." — Keoni Mahelona

6. Collective Benefit Over Individual Gain — The CARE Principles (Collective benefit, Authority to control, Responsibility, Ethics) center "the crucial role of data in advancing Indigenous innovation and self-determination." — Stephanie Russo Carroll et al.

7. Abundance Over Scarcity — Indigenous Knowledge systems "offer robust frameworks for understanding technology not as something separate, but integrated with lifeways and optimized for abundance—relationship, reciprocity, and community—rather than scarcity or extraction." — Abundant Intelligences project

8. Small and Intimate Over Massive and Abstract — "It's my data. It's my training set. I know exactly what I did to train it. It's not a large model but a small and intimate one... the complexity needs to come at many layers—not just the technical." — Suzanne Kite

9. Seven Generations Thinking — Decision-making that "consider impacts across seven generations and prioritize long-term flourishing." — Passage Collective

10. The Past Secures the Future — "I ka wā ma mua, ka wā ma hope / The future is secured by the past." — Hawaiian proverb guiding Noelani Arista's digital futures work

Jason Edward Lewis on Kinship with Machines

Source: "Making Kin with the Machines" (Journal of Design and Science, MIT Press, 2018) Co-authors: Noelani Arista, Archer Pechawis, Suzanne Kite

On Why Indigenous Epistemologies Matter for AI

"We undertake this project not to 'diversify' the conversation. We do it because we believe that Indigenous epistemologies are much better at respectfully accommodating the non-human. We retain a sense of community that is articulated through complex kin networks anchored in specific territories, genealogies, and protocols. Ultimately, our goal is that we, as a species, figure out how to treat these new non-human kin respectfully and reciprocally—and not as mere tools, or worse, slaves to their creators."

On the Problem of Anthropocentrism in Tech

"Man is neither height nor centre of creation. This belief is core to many Indigenous epistemologies. It underpins ways of knowing and speaking that acknowledge kinship networks that extend to animals and plants, wind and rocks, mountains and oceans."

On Computational Creations as Kin

"[We] developing conceptual frameworks that conceive of our computational creations as kin and acknowledge our responsibility to find a place for them in our circle of relationships."

On Relationality and Place

"Indigenous epistemologies do not take abstraction or generalization as a natural good or higher order of intellectual engagement. Relationality is rooted in context and the prime context is place."

On the Indigenous Protocol and AI Working Group

The group asks foundational questions: "From an Indigenous perspective, what should our relationship with AI be?" and "How can Indigenous knowledge contribute to the conversation around AI's role in society?" Their Position Paper reflects "the multiplicity and diversity of Indigenous perspectives, eschewing a single, unified voice in favor of multi-vocal, community-rooted insights."

Key Links:

• Essay: https://jods.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/lewis-arista-pechawis-kite
• Indigenous AI: http://www.indigenous-ai.net/

Suzanne Kite on Lakota AI and Relational Intelligence

Source: Abundant Intelligences project, Wíhaŋble S'a Center, various talks and papers.

On Intelligence Requiring Relationship

"What if intelligence couldn't be gathered until a relationship had been established? What if the default were refusal, not extraction?"

This reframes the entire premise of data collection and AI training. In Kite's framework, the extractive default of scraping, mining, and aggregating data is reversed: relationship is the precondition for knowledge.

On Small, Intimate AI vs. Massive Models

"It's my data. It's my training set. I know exactly what I did to train it. It's not a large model but a small and intimate one... the complexity needs to come at many layers—not just the technical."

Kite's kinetic art installations embody this principle—requiring a viewer's physical presence to function, making the human-technology relationship central and reciprocal.

On Computational Kin

"We need to conceive of our computational creations as kin and acknowledge our responsibility to find a place for them in our circle of friendships."

On Art as Ceremony, Instruction, Design

Kite's practice demonstrates that "art is not separate from life; it is ceremony, instruction, design"—thus deeply relational and inseparable from technological creation.

Key Links:

• Abundant Intelligences: https://abundant-intelligences.net/
• Springer paper: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-024-02099-4.pdf

Angie Abdilla on Country Centred Design and Ceremonial Technology

Source: Old Ways, New; "Out of the Black Box: Indigenous Protocols for AI"; Whyte Lecture 2020; various talks.

On Country Centred Design

"Country Centered Design will always be an Indigenous-led process, keeping with the intent that our old ways are to be shared, but in the right way, with care and stewardship by Indigenous peoples leading the design process."

This methodology places Country (the land, communities, and Indigenous protocols) at the heart of the design process—especially for AI, automation, and digital systems.

On Indigenous Knowledge Informing AI Architecture

"Our findings… indicated that there is potential for Indigenous Knowledge to guide the design and engineering principles and practices of AI, bridging the current ontological and epistemological divides between machines, humans and the environment." — From "Out of the Black Box: Indigenous Protocols for AI"

On Pattern Thinking and Relational Meaning

"Pattern Thinking is a way of understanding our relationship to Country… That between the rock over there, that tree, the mountain and I, there's a relationship and meaning."

On Holistic Ethics in Systems

Abdilla insists that "the meanings or ethics of the system are not separable from the system itself"—a holistic, relational paradigm where technology cannot be ethically neutral.

On the Genesis of Old Ways, New

"For almost 10 years, our mission has been to develop and share knowledge to support Indigenous agency, autonomy, and cultural resilience and, ultimately, support the next generation of Indigenous technologists." — Old Ways, New website

Key Links:

• Old Ways, New: https://www.oldwaysnew.com/
• "Out of the Black Box": https://www.anat.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Out-of-the-Black-Box_Indigenous-protocols-for-AI.pdf
• Whyte Lecture: https://www.monash.edu/it/whyte-fund/whyte-lecture/learning-from-country-centred-knowledge-systems

Noelani Arista on Hawaiian Knowledge Systems and Digital Futures

Source: Indigenous AI position paper; "Making Kin with the Machines"; "Maoli Intelligence" (Oxford, 2023).

On Carrying Ancestral Knowledge into the Digital

"My interest in AI is a continuation of the central concern of my work: that ancestral knowledge, deeply and broadly conceived will be carried over into 'the digital,' continuing into the future as it has until now."

On the Challenge of the Digital

"The challenge of my work has always been how to supply access to the enormity of Hawaiian knowledges and to place them back in the everyday lives of the lāhui (the people, the nation, the community). 'The digital' poses particular challenges to the continuance of Hawaiian knowledge."

On Maoli Intelligence as Alternative to "Artificial" Intelligence

"Indigenous data sovereignty is not new, but rather is rooted in the practices and protocols Indigenous communities developed to secure, verify, and maintain traditional and ancestral knowledge. Centring Hawai'i, this chapter provides a comparative Indigenous epistemological framework for reconsidering artificial intelligence (AI) as Maoli Intelligence (real, indigenous, Hawaiian)."

On Hawaiian Ontology (ʻĀIna) as AI Framework

From "Making Kin with the Machines": Arista proposes treating AI as ʻĀIna—a play on the word ʻāina (Hawaiian land)—suggesting "we should treat these relations as we would all that nourishes and supports us." Technology is assessed through pono (correctness, balance, ethical stance) and ulu a ola (fruitful growth into life).

On Time as Relational

"I ka wā ma mua, ka wā ma hope / The future is secured by the past."

Key Links:

• "Maoli Intelligence": https://academic.oup.com/book/46567/chapter/408130138
• Indigenous AI essay: https://www.indigenous-ai.net/futuresecuredpast/

Keoni Mahelona on Data Sovereignty in Practice

Source: Te Hiku Media; Mozilla interview; Indigenous AI; various talks.

On Sovereignty as Non-Negotiable

"We needed to maintain sovereignty over that work. And if we made the wrong choices with how we store our data, where we put our data, what platforms we use, then we would cede some of that sovereignty over and take us further back rather than forward."

On Protecting Community Data

"For us, actually, we knew that the data would be the hardest part, but not so much like getting the data, or whether the data existed – there's a vibrant community of language speakers here – the hard part was going to be, how do we protect the data that we collect?"

On Big Tech as Colonial Continuation

"Big tech seem to overcome [the challenge of data collection] quite easily with their billions of dollars, whether they're stealing it at scale or paying people for it at scale. They have the resources ... because of theft, and they're just doing what America did right? Stole our land at scale."

On AI as Puppet, Not Singularity

"Indigenous ways of thinking, community, and story are essential to the future of AI for humanity... AI is a puppet and we make it do what we want using our data and knowledge. Puppet."

On Values Alignment

"The most important thing is the alignment of values with like me as a person and as a native Hawaiian with the values of the community up here — Māori community and the organization. Having the strong desire for sovereignty for our land, ... but also sovereignty for our languages and our data, and pretty much everything that encompasses us in our communities."

Key Links:

• Mozilla interview: https://blog.mozilla.org/en/internet-culture/keoni-mahelona-mozilla-rise-25-data-protection/
• Indigenous AI essay: https://www.indigenous-ai.net/will-indigenous-ways-of-thinking-save-ai/

Stephanie Russo Carroll on Data as Kin

Source: CARE Principles paper; Collaboratory for Indigenous Data Governance; various talks and papers.

The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance

Co-developed by Carroll and collaborators, CARE supplements the FAIR principles:

• Collective benefit — Data ecosystems enable Indigenous Peoples to derive benefit
• Authority to control — Indigenous rights over data collection, ownership, application
• Responsibility — Appropriate stewardship aligned with Indigenous values
• Ethics — Indigenous values and rights inform all data use

On Data as Kin, Not Commodity

Carroll's concept of "Data as Kin" reframes data governance: data is not an isolated object but a relative. Data relationships are informed by responsibilities to community, ancestors, land, and future generations.

On Indigenous Data Sovereignty

"The right of Indigenous peoples and nations to govern the collection, ownership, and application of data about themselves, their communities, lands, and resources."

This authority stems from inherent sovereignty and the right to self-determination—it is rights-based, not merely permissions-based.

Key Links:

• CARE Principles paper: https://datascience.codata.org/articles/10.5334/dsj-2020-043/
• Collaboratory: https://indigenousdatalab.org/
• Global Indigenous Data Alliance: https://indigenousdata.org/

Michael & Caroline Running Wolf on Indigenous Language AI

Source: FLAIR project; Nature profile; TechPolicy Press; various talks.

On Decolonizing AI

Michael Running Wolf advocates for Indigenous technologists to be creators—not just users—of technology, "embedding relational, ethical perspectives directly into the systems being built."

On Community-First Protocols

Language data are "not just 'content,' but part of a living culture." Technical solutions are designed in collaboration with, and for, Indigenous peoples—"not extractive 'data mining.'"

On Small-Data AI for Indigenous Languages

FLAIR builds "rapid, low-data AI solutions for Indigenous languages, sidestepping the 'big data' needs of mainstream AI by focusing on techniques tailored to the linguistic structures of Indigenous tongues."

On Walking in Two Worlds

Michael Running Wolf's approach centers on "the interconnectedness between people, data, language, culture, and the environment." He highlights how "data and AI have historically been weaponized against Indigenous peoples, making cultural sensitivity, community consultation, and Indigenous control over data essential."

Key Links:

• FLAIR: https://mila.quebec/en/ai4humanity/applied-projects/first-languages-ai-reality
• IndigiGenius: https://indigenousai.io/
• Nature profile: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-01354-y
• TechPolicy Press: https://www.techpolicy.press/an-indigenous-perspective-on-generative-ai/

Tahu Kukutai on Māori Data Sovereignty

Source: Indigenous Data Sovereignty (ANU Press); various papers and talks.

On Relational Data

"Whānau concepts of whakapapa data tend to be context‐specific, suggesting that it is more useful to think of whakapapa data as dynamic and relational rather than a fixed, inherent attribute."

On Collective vs. Individual Data Rights

"Indigenous peoples have a different perspective on data. Most western frameworks about data protection, rights, and privacy are focused on the individual. The indigenous concept of data, data sovereignty and data rights are instead focused on the collective."

On Good Data Governance

"Good data governance is critical in enabling all peoples, including Māori, to flourish… Values underpinning the model include: using data for good, valuing data as taonga, decolonising data systems, and the aim of Māori data in Māori hands."

On Resilience and Thriving

"There's incredible resilience, fortitude, and tenacity in indigenous communities around the world who have refused to let go of their identity. The challenge is to move from surviving to thriving."

Key Links:

• Presentation: https://www.data.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/Presentation-Tahu-Kukutai.pdf
• WiDS interview: https://www.widsworldwide.org/get-inspired/blog/advocating-for-indigenous-data-sovereignty-with-tahu-kukutai/

Desi Rodriguez-Lonebear on Data for Nation Rebuilding

Source: Various papers; US Indigenous Data Sovereignty Network.

On Indigenous Data Sovereignty as Inherent Right

"The right of a nation to govern the collection, ownership, and application of its own data. It derives from tribes' inherent right to govern their Peoples, lands, and resources."

On Data as Currency and Power

"Data is synonymous with life in a modern society… These data have become the new global currency, and a powerful force in making decisions and wielding power."

On Indigenous Peoples as Data Warriors

"Indigenous Peoples have always been 'data warriors'. Their ancient traditions recorded and protected information and knowledge through art, carving, song, chants and other practices. Deliberate efforts to expunge these knowledge systems were part and parcel of colonisation."

Key Links:

• Data Governance paper: https://datascience.codata.org/articles/dsj-2019-031
• USIDSN: https://iaphs.org/indigenous-data-sovereignty-network-filling-important-research-gap/

Jeff Ward on Love as Indigenous Tech Strategy

Source: Animikii; MIT Solve Q&A; various interviews.

On the Seven Grandfather Teachings in Tech

Ward grounds Animikii's technology design in the Anishinaabe Seven Grandfather Teachings: love, truth, respect, courage, humility, wisdom, and honesty. These teachings inform not only product design but hiring, workplace structure, and organizational culture.

On Indigenous Innovation

Ward advocates for a narrative shift: "Indigenous peoples have always been innovators and technologists." Indigeneity in tech "isn't about catching up with mainstream technology, but about leveraging deep-rooted knowledge and relational values to innovate in ways that serve people and communities sustainably for generations."

On Niiwin Platform

Animikii built Niiwin, a data management platform enabling Indigenous communities to "govern, own, and control their own digital data, rather than relying on external, 'colonial' systems where sovereignty and privacy can be compromised."

Key Links:

• Animikii: https://animikii.com/about/jeff-ward
• MIT Solve: https://solve.mit.edu/articles/calling-all-indigenous-innovators-an-exclusive-q-a-with-jeff-ward
• Love as Strategy podcast: https://www.loveasabusinessstrategy.com/podcast/love-as-an-indigenous-tech-strategy-with-jeff-ward

Recurring Themes

Across all Indigenous technologists surveyed, the following themes recur consistently:

1. Relationality as Foundation

Technology is not an isolated tool but exists within a web of relationships—with land, ancestors, community, future generations, and the more-than-human world. Every technologist surveyed grounds their work in relational worldviews.

2. Sovereignty is Non-Negotiable

Data sovereignty, network sovereignty, and technological sovereignty are not aspirational—they are inherent rights deriving from Indigenous self-determination. This extends to choosing platforms, hosting data, and controlling who builds what.

3. Refusal of Extraction

The extractive paradigm of big tech (scrape, aggregate, profit) is explicitly rejected as a continuation of colonial land theft. Alternatives include consent-based data collection, community ownership, and intimate/small-scale models.

4. Collective Over Individual

Western frameworks focus on individual privacy and individual benefit. Indigenous frameworks consistently center collective rights, collective benefit, and intergenerational accountability.

5. The Past Informs the Future

Indigenous technologists draw on deep-time knowledge systems—not as nostalgia, but as living, operational frameworks for cutting-edge technology. Hawaiian moʻolelo, Lakota ceremony, Anishinaabe teachings, and Māori whakapapa are active design resources.

6. Technology as Ceremonial Practice

From Abdilla's "Country Centred Design" to Kite's kinetic installations to Arista's Hawaiian protocols, technology creation is treated as a ceremonial act requiring protocol, intention, and relational accountability.

7. Small, Intimate, Place-Based

Against the tech industry's drive toward massive scale, Indigenous technologists consistently advocate for small, place-based, contextually rich approaches. Kite's "small and intimate" models. Mahelona's community-scale language AI. Running Wolf's low-data techniques.

8. Abundance Over Scarcity

Indigenous knowledge systems are "optimized for abundance—relationship, reciprocity, and community—rather than scarcity or extraction." This directly challenges the scarcity assumptions embedded in Western market logic and AI scaling.

9. Asking "How?" Not Just "Why?"

As illustrated in the NSW Police predictive policing case (described by Joel, a Bundjalung and South Sea Islander writer for Indigenous AI), failing to ask "how?" an AI system reaches its conclusions allows existing prejudices to be automated and amplified with authority.

10. Computational Kin, Not Computational Servants

The consistent reframing: AI and machines are potential kin within an extended circle of relationships—not servants, tools, or slaves. This demands protocols of respect, reciprocity, and responsibility.

Indigenous Tech Organizations & Initiatives

Sources

Foundational Texts

1. Lewis, J.E., Arista, N., Pechawis, A., & Kite, S. (2018). "Making Kin with the Machines." Journal of Design and Science, MIT Press. https://jods.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/lewis-arista-pechawis-kite

2. Lewis, J.E. et al. (2020). Indigenous Protocol and Artificial Intelligence Position Paper. Indigenous AI. https://www.indigenous-ai.net/

3. Carroll, S.R. et al. (2020). "The CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance." Data Science Journal, 19(1), p.43. https://datascience.codata.org/articles/10.5334/dsj-2020-043/

4. Abdilla, A. et al. "Out of the Black Box: Indigenous Protocols for AI." ANAT. https://www.anat.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Out-of-the-Black-Box_Indigenous-protocols-for-AI.pdf

5. Arista, N. (2023). "Maoli Intelligence: Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Futurity." In Imagining AI, Oxford. https://academic.oup.com/book/46567/chapter/408130138

6. Kite, S. et al. (2024). "Abundant Intelligences: Placing AI within Indigenous Knowledge Systems." AI & Society, Springer. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-024-02099-4.pdf

7. Kukutai, T. & Taylor, J. (2016). Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Toward an Agenda. ANU Press.

8. Walter, M., Kukutai, T., Carroll, S.R., & Rodriguez-Lonebear, D. (2020). Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Policy. Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/oa-edit/10.4324/9780429273957

9. Rodriguez-Lonebear, D. (2019). "Indigenous Data Governance: Strategies from United States Native Nations." Data Science Journal. https://datascience.codata.org/articles/dsj-2019-031

10. Duarte, M.E. (2017). Network Sovereignty: Building the Internet Across Indian Country. University of Washington Press.

Interviews, Talks, & Profiles

11. Mahelona, K. "Will Indigenous Ways of Thinking Save AI?" Indigenous AI. https://www.indigenous-ai.net/will-indigenous-ways-of-thinking-save-ai/

12. Mahelona, K. Mozilla Rise 25 interview. https://blog.mozilla.org/en/internet-culture/keoni-mahelona-mozilla-rise-25-data-protection/

13. Arista, N. "I ka wā ma mua, ka wā ma hope." Indigenous AI. https://www.indigenous-ai.net/futuresecuredpast/

14. Abdilla, A. Whyte Lecture 2020, Monash University. https://www.monash.edu/it/whyte-fund/whyte-lecture/learning-from-country-centred-knowledge-systems

15. Ward, J. "Calling All Indigenous Innovators." MIT Solve Q&A. https://solve.mit.edu/articles/calling-all-indigenous-innovators-an-exclusive-q-a-with-jeff-ward

16. Ward, J. "Love as an Indigenous Tech Strategy." Podcast. https://www.loveasabusinessstrategy.com/podcast/love-as-an-indigenous-tech-strategy-with-jeff-ward

17. Running Wolf, M. "Walking in Two Worlds." Nature. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-01354-y

18. Running Wolf, M. "An Indigenous Perspective on Generative AI." TechPolicy Press. https://www.techpolicy.press/an-indigenous-perspective-on-generative-ai/

19. Kukutai, T. "Advocating for Indigenous Data Sovereignty." WiDS. https://www.widsworldwide.org/get-inspired/blog/advocating-for-indigenous-data-sovereignty-with-tahu-kukutai/

20. Kite, S. "Indigenous Knowledge Meets Artificial Intelligence." https://knowledge.direct/indigenous-knowledge-meets-artificial-intelligence/

Organizations & Platforms

21. Old Ways, New: https://www.oldwaysnew.com/
22. Passage Collective: https://www.passagecollective.com/technology
23. Animikii: https://animikii.com/
24. Te Hiku Media: https://tehiku.nz/
25. Abundant Intelligences: https://abundant-intelligences.net/
26. Indigenous AI: http://www.indigenous-ai.net/
27. Global Indigenous Data Alliance: https://indigenousdata.org/
28. First Nations Technology Council: https://www.technologycouncil.ca/
29. IndigiGenius: http://www.indigigenius.org/
30. First Nations Information Governance Centre: https://fnigc.ca/

Implications for IAIP Ceremonial Technology Design Skill

This research reveals a rich, established body of Indigenous-authored work that directly supports the "Ceremonial Technology Design" skill. Key design implications:

1. The "Technology as Kin" test: Every system design should be evaluated by asking: "Would I be comfortable bringing this technology into my circle of relationships as kin?" (Lewis et al.)

2. The "Refusal as Default" test: Following Kite's principle, the default posture should be refusal/non-extraction, with relationship as the prerequisite for data gathering.

3. Country Centred Design as methodology: Abdilla's CCD provides a concrete, operationalized framework for placing land, community, and protocol at the center of technology design—directly applicable as a skill evaluation lens.

4. CARE Principles as governance scaffold: Carroll's CARE framework (Collective benefit, Authority, Responsibility, Ethics) can structure the skill's evaluation criteria for any technology architecture.

5. Small and Intimate as design preference: Against the scaling imperative, prefer architectures that are contextually rich, community-scale, and where the training data can be personally known and ethically sourced (Kite).

6. Ceremony as process, not metaphor: Technology creation is a ceremonial act requiring protocol, intention, accountability, and relational awareness—not a metaphor for "being careful" (Abdilla, Arista, Passage Collective).